Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Philosophy - Assignment Example mises are associated with conclusion to the extent that whenever the former are found to be true, it follows that the latter ought to be true as well, particularly when such premises and conclusion are a sole basis to the justification of an inference 5. Invalid - is, contrary to the state of validity, a term that identifies an argument’s form that possesses a conclusion which is not aligned or is not expected to correspond to the given premises where as such, a false conclusion may emerge out of true premises 6. Sound - pertains to an argument’s property in which all premises are true, thereby reflecting or guaranteeing truth in the resulting conclusion that altogether manifests the pure validity of an argument 7. Unsound - pertains to a trait by which an argument may be assessed as either invalid or valid with at least one false premise so that false premises determine the validity or invalidity of an argument 8. Deductive Argument - is that argument where it is ‘necessary’ for the conclusion to satisfy the premise in such a way as when a conclusion is rather false, there can be no way that this would be arrived at coming from a premise or inference that is true; deductive reasoning is applied herein to enable construction of a deductive argument that proceeds from a general premise toward a specific conclusion 9. Inductive Argument - is that argument where it is ‘probable’ to derive conclusion from an inferred premise such that it would be improbable to yield a false conclusion if the premises are true; inductive reasoning is used herein to establish an inductive argument that develops from a specific premise toward a general conclusion Identify the following fallacies. (For example: â€Å"If you dont agree with the president, you will lose your job. Therefore, if you dont want to lose your job, you had better agree with the president,† would be an Appeal to

Human Right in Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Right in Development - Essay Example This paper shall now discuss the thesis: To what extent might water as a priced commodity be consistent with the human right to water? The political economic foundations of this thesis will also be discussed. This study is being undertaken in order to come up with a clear understanding of the subject matter, including its essential points of discussion. Body The world’s natural supply of underground water which is relied on by about two billion people is being depleted, according to a report by the United Nations (BBC, 2003). This report further revealed that the water tables are falling by about three metres with each year throughout many developing nations. The increase in populations, the rapid rate of industrialization, and intensive farming are just some of the reasons for this dramatic decrease in water supplies. In the US in Arizona, the report further revealed that the amount of water being extracted from the ground is twice what is actually being naturally replaced (B BC, 2003). In the Arabian gulf, their underground water is being contaminated by the salty water which is gathered from the coast to supplement the city’s water supply (BBC, 2003). Developing nations are the countries mainly utilizing underground water sources and their rates of use are increasing significantly. Dhaka in Bangladesh has also been using underground water sources to an extent where in many regions, the water table has fallen to about 40 metres. The issue of limited water supply is one which does not appear to have a clear resolution in the immediate future. And many more issues shall be borne from it before a satisfactory solution can be established. Millions of people in the world do not have regular access to clean water. In some regions of the world, getting water for daily use calls for a significant expenditure of time and effort. The issue is also not singularly based on access to water, but access to clean drinking water (Okonski, 2009). Dirty water is a source of bacteria and viruses. The UN also expressed that the world shortage of water supply has caused the deaths of more people through disease, than deaths through wars. In effect, shortage of water supply is one of the major problems of the world. Various researches have been carried out on water and on the issue of water scarcity. These studies have focused on establishing a better understanding of the causes of this shortage and the impact of this issue (Okonski, 2009). In the same manner however, the issue has also been the target of varying opinions and points of contention on water being a human right. Theorists advocating the contention that ‘water is a right’ argue that since water is a natural resource which is essential to our survival as humans, the access to clean water must also be considered a basic human right (Okonski, 2009). The government must therefore do whatever it can to provide clean water, and its access must not be secured with profit consid erations. These theorists raise crucial points in this discussion. If credence is to be given to the argument that water is a human right, does every person then have the right to imbibe as much water as he wants, without making any considerations as to time and place? If the answer is no, what quantity then of water is each individual entitled to? And how are arguments among users of water to be resolved? How then would the efficient use of water be

What makes a good hypnotic suggestion and what other factors have an Essay

What makes a good hypnotic suggestion and what other factors have an effect on the success of therapy - Essay Example In the movies, people have seen individuals receive what is called "post hypnotic suggestion" where they have been told to do a variety of things. Sometimes these things are silly but in movies, they often use this suggestion to have the individual do something against their will. This is not what clinical hypnosis is about and its not what it does. In the clinical setting, an individual and their need for healing becomes central to the work in therapy. Because many people have seen stage hypnosis, they have developed attitudes or beliefs that may hinder their use of clinical hypnosis. In a study by Barling and DeLucchi, it was found that those people who have experienced hypnosis in the clinical setting had more knowledge and more positive beliefs about hypnosis than those who had seen it on the stage (Barling and DeLucchi 36). These authors also say that because people go into clinical hypnosis with pre-conceived ideas, it is very important for these to be explored: When a person thinks about using hypnosis, it is important to schedule a free consultation. During the consultation they can get questions answered and often satisfy their curiosity. Usually, a short session may be used so an individual can experience a little of the sensation that happens with hypnosis. The hypnotherapist will ask questions about the individuals life and their current situation. These questions will help the hypnotherapist assess the individuals need. It is also important during the initial consultation to go over goals and tools that the individual has used prior to coming to the current therapist. Often, the individual will receive ideas for skills to practice before the next session (Holistic Health Partnering). Hypnosis is a state of altered consciousness in which an individual is relaxed enough to allow the subconscious mind to come forward. Individuals must be willing to allow themselves to be hypnotized, allowing the hypnotherapist to induce the process. This process

The prons and cons of using computer to work Essay

The prons and cons of using computer to work - Essay Example However, computer as a technology is faulted by the mere fact that the use is environmentally harmful adducing the waste produced by the continued use of the machines. Moreover, the use of computers has advanced from the past notion of the gadget being luxurious into a need that forces the world to rely constantly on their availability. The use of this gadget has increased the need to purchase the instrument since it gives the user more features that they make the individuals do a colossal amount of work in the fashion they need the machines to do the work. The fact that the computers do as the user commands gives the device an upper hand in the functional management of work, business among other uses. The computers have proven a daily use periphery, which has its own advantages (Wenglinsky, 2005). While using the computer might have its cons, the perquisites it comes with surpass the disadvantages that may be in the process of using one. The computer is a learning instrument in the society where the use has changed the classroom in terms of research and work in the modern schools. The use of the computers has reduced the use of paper work translating to the reduced amounts of paperwork in the classroom and staffrooms. In most cases, the work done on the machines is stored within giving better storage of the class work as compared to the old ways where the work done was very vulnerable to the natural laws (Richardson et al, 2005). Moreover, the convenience the work has seen in this technologically advancing world is another in favor of what manifests itself in the working system. The computer can connect the employee to the work required without the worker being there. This has improved the work travel performance making it wise to have to work from the point one is situated saving on the costs of travel (Cornick, 2006). Moreover, conference calls can be made on urgent clarifications connecting several business partn ers instead of them traveling and meeting at a central point. The use of computers has made possible to the business people acting as the central point of communication easing up the business processes. In contrast to the disadvantage involved is the idea of impersonation that can happen with the advanced technology in the market giving the use of these convenient a risk attached to the speedy connection and business transaction (Saunders, 2000). People can impersonate others and perform fraudulent acts to business parties without the parties noticing in an instant. The old way so sealing deals did not allow the fraudulent episodes that were unprecedented since the people would meet physically. However, the uses old techniques are do not guarantee safety since they had moments where the drifts would still happen. This means the presence of the schemes will never end as long as money is involved. The use of computers poses a lot of possibilities and advantages. However, to obtain the se one needs to purchase the gadget first to obtain these privileges. The ownership of these convenience costs one to give money to obtain the required software and hardware to enable the required functioning of the computer system (Richardson et al, 2005). For any person who needs better performance from the computers, the need comes with the costs to upgrade to the level they need to reach with the computers. This con is hidden and often no one seems to articulate its presence. Either way, the purchase of a computer may be expensive initially but when the gadget starts to deliver its duties the returns are more than the amount spent on the purchase making it more viable to implement the use rather than avoid because

SIOP Lesson Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SIOP Lesson Plan - Essay Example 3. Handout of comprehension passages. 4. A leaflet containing a list of difficult vocabulary and their meaning. 5. A history kit or a worksheet (please see appendix 1). Motivation: A documentary or transparencies on one of the battles is shown to the students before beginning the activity. A transparency can be shown having the chronology of the battles. Simple and straight questions that can be connected to the content in the passages. The students are allowed to interact before answering the questions. Let the three groups have an interactive discussion about the outcome of battles. Presentation: Try to present the students how the past wars can be related to the present wars. How wars are started and the positive and negative effects of a war. An equation between quantum of loss incurred and misery caused to the population due to wars as against the benefits and allow the students to analyse. The students are allowed to exchange notes and do peer evaluation so that they will understand each other's writing styles and at the same time are encouraged to question each other about the answer they chose and discuss. A discussion about the present wars in comparison to the past makes them understand how content can be useful in learning language skills. Exchanging notes and interaction between the groups leads to the integration of language skills. The teacher first explains the sequence of the activity with examples. Practice: An information gap activity is presented to all the three groups. The three groups are given a passage with fill in the blanks on three different battles. Since all the members in the group are aware of the events the groups are allowed to interact and seek answers... The students are allowed to exchange notes and do peer evaluation so that they will understand each other's writing styles and at the same time are encouraged to question each other about the answer they chose and discuss. A discussion about the present wars in comparison to the past makes them understand how content can be useful in learning language skills. Exchanging notes and interaction between the groups leads to the integration of language skills. An information gap activity is presented to all the three groups. The three groups are given a passage with fill in the blanks on three different battles. Since all the members in the group are aware of the events the groups are allowed to interact and seek answers and fill in the blanks with right answers. Each student from the group is asked to select one battle and make a very short oral presentation before the class. The content of the presentation need not be entirely based on the true text but can relate to the other aspects of the war. (The students are given time to make notes before the presentation).

How does Coleridge tell the story in part 3 of Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example for Free

How does Coleridge tell the story in part 3 of Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay The opening line of part 3 in the first stanza, ‘THERE passed a weary time’, indicates to the reader that the Mariner is still in a state of suffering, continued from part 2. The capitalisation of the word, ‘there’, suggests that nature’s torture is only being directed at those on the ship. Coleridge furthers the idea of nature’s torture in this stanza through his use of death imagery, ‘each throat was parched and glazed each eye. ’ The word, ‘glazed’ implies a sort of mental vacancy or vegetation, whilst ‘parched’ denotes that they are completely dried out, not only are they dehydrated but they are dried out in the sense that the Mariner has now completely lost any remnant of hope and faith in nature. The enjambment in the line is used to highlight and emphasise the extent of the dehydration among the ship’s crew. However, by the 5th line, the tone of the stanza has become less sullen, shown through Coleridge’s deviation from the ballad form. The two extra lines mark the sense of hope newly acquired by the ship after they see a ‘something in the sky. ’ Both the second and third stanzas return to the traditional ballad form to show the ficklness of the Mariner’s hope. In stanza 2, Coleridge uses nebulous language, ‘shape’ and ‘seemed’, in this stanza in order to maintain the suspense caused by both the reader and the Mariner’s uncertainty about this ‘speck. ’ It’s also used to reflect the desperation of the Mariner, as his tone has become more positive despite the potentially dangerous object. The Mariner’s self-assured tone continues in the third stanza, shown through the structural device of punctuation, ‘A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist! ’ The exclamation is used in order to show the hopefullness of the Mariner, the internal rhyme used by Coleridge also creates an upbeat tone, as it speeds up the pace of the poem. Coleridge creates a contrast with the quote, ‘[the object] plunged and tacked and veered’, as the Mariner’s own ship is completely still, the contrast implies to the reader that, perhaps, this ‘sprite’ may be of the supernatural realm, as there is no breeze after all. In stanza 7, Coleridge deviates from the traditional ballad form, this time to make the reader aware of the threat that the shape imposes on the Mariner. Within the sestet, Coleridge uses a number of literary devices in order to communicate the danger the Mariner’s ship is now facing. We see the poet use elemental imagery with the quote, ‘the western wave was all-aflame. ’ The pairing of two conflicting elements, water and fire, almost seems unnatural, and is an example of the poem’s supernatural theme. Indeed, the imagery is used to indicate to the reader that the Mariner is now dealing with something supernatural. Coleridge also uses symbolism through the quote, ‘that strange shape drove suddenly betwist us and the Sun. ’ At this point, the Mariner is blocked from any source of light, and arguably, as God created light, this means he is completely cut off from God, and as a result any kind of assistance from God is being obstructed. Essentially, the mariner is unable to be protected or defended against any kind of harmful or supernatural being by this point. Similar symbolism is used in stanza 8, as ‘the Sun was flecked with bars’, suggesting that the sun has now been imprisioned by this object. The quote together with the simile, ‘through a dungeon-grate he peered’ implies that whatever has imprisioned the sun is perfectly capable of encaging the Mariner’s ship, increasing the fear felt by the Mariner at this moment in his story. In stanzas 10 and 11, the reader learns that ‘Death’ and ‘Life-in-Death’ are in charge of the mysterious ship. The personification and capitalisation of these two figures communicate to the reader the extent of their power. Coleridge triggers shock in the reader by abandoning the expected rhyme scheme, having an abccb rather than the routine and typically ballad-like abcb scheme, Coleridge’s manipulation of structure through capricious punctuation also adds to the shock; ‘is that Death? ’ A total of five questions are asked in stanza 10, creating a sense of both danger and uncertainty. In stanza 11, Coleridge is able to evoke shock from the reader once again when depicting ‘Life-in-Death. ’ The reader is first told that ‘her locks were yellow as gold,’ as the simile is fairly conventional, containing the typical romantic and regal imagery, Coleridge is able to fool us until he reveals that ‘her skin was white as leprosy. ’ The juxtaposition between ‘gold’ and ‘leprosy’ presents her as this liminal figure, whilst she has certain characteristics of a conventional seductress type; she is still ghost-like, even demonic. In stanzas 15, 16 and 17, Coleridge implies to the reader that Life-in-Death and Death’s trivialised game of death has led to the mariners’ deaths’ with the exemption of the Ancient Mariner. Already, on the first line of the 15th stanza, the ‘star-dogged Moon’ suggests that change is near. The Mariner communicates his constant guilt to the reader by prolonging the first line, ‘one after one’, the caesura, used to emphasise the slowing down of pace, also helps to reflect his remorse about the other mariners, who he feels responsible for. However, by the 16th stanza he speaks in a somewhat detached way as speaks with mathematical language, rather than emotionally engaged language, ‘four times fifty living men,’ despite his guilt. Alternatively, the Mariner may have become desensitised after, apparently, centuries of telling this story. Coleridge uses onomatopeoia in order to create a more vivid perception in the reader’s mind, ‘heavy thump, a lifeless lump. ’ The internal rhyme is used to heighten our auditory and visual senses even more, as it echoes the sound created by ‘thump’. The onomatopeic language is also used to echo the fact that the Mariner is now completely isolated. In the final stanza, we see another example of the Mariner’s feelings of guilt when he references his own shooting of the Albatross, ‘every soul†¦passed me by like the whizz of my cross-bow. ’ The Mariner’s routine remark about the Albatross at the end of each part suggest that his guilt is long lasting, as it has remained with him ever since. Essentially, the quote implies that his shooting of the albatross has resulted in the 200 deaths of his fellow mariners; part 3 leave us with the sense that the Mariner is now isolated, as well as wrapped up in guilt.

Family Structure Policy

Family Structure Policy HOW CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE HAVE AFFECTED POLICY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM INTRODUCTION An introduction to social policy Social policy refers to the study of social welfare and how it relates to politics and the society. The United Kingdom is a unitary state where the central government controls all the activities of government. Demographic changes in the society have strong implications on government policy as far as sound decision-making is concerned. These changes come in form of divorce rates, decline in marriage as the fundamental institution of society, rise in cohabitation and many others. Irwin, S. (1999) In each administrative region we have a secretary of state and administrative departments situated in the central government with respective assemblies and executive. Laws in these administrative regions differ from one region to another. For example laws which apply in England and Wales tend to differ from those in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Social services in the UK are under the health board but changes do occur frequently. The main government departments dealing with social policy in the UK are as follows. Central government The central government is in charge of National organisations and Local government Parliament is responsible for Primary legislation, Local authorities and London boroughs Cabinet Office undertakes reforms in the Public service The Treasury in charge of economy policy of the government and financing Department of Health provides healthcare, social services and community care. Department for Work and Pensions Is responsible for national insurance, social assistance and creation of employment. Department for Communities and Local Government is in charge of Local government; Urban policy; Housing and environmental health Ministry of Justice Law and order Department for Children, Schools and Families -manage Schools; Education welfare; Learning disability (5-18); childrens services The administration of welfare in the UK The administration system in the UK has undergone major reforms with the first phase covering the 1960s and 1970s where by planning and control of public expenditure was shifted to treasury. The second phase between 1980s and 1990s saw the restructuring of the civil service and the administration of welfare. The British social policy was dominated by poor laws way back from 1598 to 1948 for instance the Elizabethan poor law of 1601 provided for a compulsory poor rate, creation of overseers of relief and â€Å"setting the poor on work†. FAMILY STRUCTURE According to research there has been notable decrease in the percentage of people living in households comprising the traditional family unit. Around 2001 Chinese and Asian communities had families with greater proportion of married couples; while on the other hand other ethnic groups like the black, white Caribbean had the greater proportion of cohabiting couples. In the year 2004 according to statistics eight out of 10 people in the UK lived in a family household but however the same statistics indicate the there is a decline in this form of structure because for past 40 years there has been an increase in the number of people living alone. This trend has been accelerated by high divorce and cohabitation rates. Increase in the number of breakouts and the number of births occurring outside marriage has had a hand in this trend. Since 1972 the proportion of children living in larger families has declined Different ethnic groups differ in terms of size of household for instance Asian households tend to be bigger that other ethnic groups and can comprise of even three generations. About 12% of births in the UK in the year 1980 were outside marriage. By the year 2000 the figures had increased to about 41% making UK the leading country with such births in the EU. Most of these births are as a result of cohabitation. About household chores, women spend about four hours in activities such as washing, cooking, and ironing. This is about one and a half hours more than that of men. CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE Changes if family structure comes about in terms of composition and size of households. For instance there is change from 2 parent families to single parenthood. Maternal employment is also evident in the UK whereby mothers go out to look for paid employment. Other changes are in form of: Changes in employment and household resourcing In the UK for the past decades there have been trends in polarisation especially for women at individual level and at the level of household. There has been a notable alteration of gender in relation to education, employment and household resourcing. Growth in participation of post-compulsory education has also been witnessed for the past few decades party associated with employment opportunity structure family relations of partial dependence and obligations. Some of the factors contributing towards income inequalities include: The rising gap between the highly paid and the lowly paid with increasing premiums for skills and qualifications. The numbers of workless households increase faster than the overall official unemployment rates. Marriage cohabitation and divorce A steady decline in marriage has been noted since early 1970s in the UK.Postponement of marriage has been observed in some household and it is mainly contributed to by cohabitation. Continued growth has had an impact on peoples perception concerning morality and living arrangements. Within cohabiting unions child bearing has become very common. The UK has the highest divorce rates in the entire European union .Marital ties are increasingly being based on emotions and romantic love rather than material necessity. Living apart together -this is a term used to refer to people having a partner in what is understood to be a sexual relationship. It is similar to co-residential cohabitation or living together because the two parties regard themselves as a couple (Murphy and Wang 1999). Lone parenthood Sociologists have continued to regard lone parenthood as an indicator of family change. By 1991 around 20% of all families with dependent children were headed by a lone parent. This growth was due to increase in divorce rates, single parents and never married parent. ( McKay and Marsh 1994). Fertility In the UK there was marked rise in fertility during the post war period then a decline in fertility. Two major components of the rise in fertility are the change in family size and the period for parenthood. Most women born in Britain in the late 1940s have remained childess.This trend has been cited by sociologists as important. (ONS 1997; and Irwin 1999). EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE FAMILY STRUCTURE ON SOCIAL POLICY Key in the implications of these changes in the family is the explosion of the non-marital child bearing. Changing of family structures has led to legislations by the government for instance the family law in Scotland. Poverty and disadvantage have serious implications on the social policy that seeks to create a level playing field in the nation and especially for the children Boheim, R. and Ermisch, J. (1998). Child poverty is firmly on the agenda of many European countries. It entails strategies which aim at increasing the income for low income earners with children. This is by promoting policies which will increase employment for poor families. Hall, R., Ogden, P.E. and Hill, C. (1999) A successful strategy should seek a balanced approach whereby improved benefits and improved incentives. For many years the rights of a child have been on top of the agenda for EU recently measures have been put in place to establish a comprehensive strategy to promote and effectively implement the rights in both internal and external policies. Women with high qualifications are likely to enter into partnership at later years than those at low levels of education or the non- educated. Also those women who are less educated are likely to have high divorce rates than those with high education. Working mothers have an impact on the Childs well- being. It brings additional income and lifts many families out of poverty. Those who grow up poor early are likely to leave home early and are likely to be less educated. Despite widespread economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, in the UK the child remains the most vulnerable population. This because they are at high risk of living in poverty with the changing structure and composition of the family. Children are missing out on the on political and economic agenda. Participatory approaches should therefore be initiated involvement of all stakeholders including particularly the children and young people. The perspectives of children from single parenthood should be included in policy formulation and implementation so as to combat poverty. CONCLUSION In the UK today households are made in many different ways and people have a variety of patterns of working. The current patterns and trends in familial lifestyles are key determinants of the level of developments in employment and patterns of inequality. Changes in composition of households are key demographic indicators of changing living standards and lifestyles. These changes remain top on the agenda for the government so as to institute measures aimed at reducing poverty levels for instance the government has put children at its centre of its social policy agenda. This is evident by increasing the levels of in-work support for low -income parents and initiating programmes to support parents from disadvantaged areas. REFERENCES www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/uk.htmDownloaded 28/04/2008 www.agf.org.uk/pubs/pdfs/1383Ageingweb.pdf Downloaded 28/04/2008 www.leeds.ac.uk/CAVA/papers/wsp7b.pdf Downloaded 29/04/2008 www.deafnessatbirth.org.uk/content2/support/diversity/03/index.html Downloaded29/04/2008 Cooper, W. (1999) LFS Household Data: Spring 1998 Analyses Labour Market Trends (January) 31-40. Hutton, S. (1994) Mens and womens incomes: evidence from survey data Journal of Social Policy 23 (1): 21-40.